kazakhstan: новости — страница 46

The results of the Second Consultative Meeting of the Heads of States of Central Asia, held on November 29 in Tashkent, can literally be considered a victory for Kazakhstan's approaches to regional cooperation. A direct evidence of this was the election of Nursultan Nazarbayev as the honorary chairman of the forum.

But more importantly, the positions of all Central Asian states without exception on the widest range of issues — security, trade, transport infrastructure, ecology, culture and education — began to align along the lines of regional cooperation.

La politique étrangère du Kazakhstan a toujours eu pour objectif de créer des conditions extérieures favorables à un développement socio-économique durable du pays. Ses priorités ont toujours été le développement de la coopération économique avec les pays voisins, la diversification de ses exportations, l'attraction des investissements étrangers et l'ouverture de nouveaux marchés pour les marchandises kazakhes.

Qu'a montré la dernière année? Dans quelle mesure le premier président est-il actuellement impliqué dans la vie sociale et politique active du Kazakhstan?

Il y a eu une certaine évolution des relations. Pourtant, au Kazakhstan, un tel modèle — la présence de deux présidents — n'a pas été appliqué, et certaines questions, même en tenant compte de l'expérience et de la diplomatie des deux présidents, ont été réglées à la volée.

At one time, Henry Kissinger asked the question: «Who should I call to talk to Europe?» The lack of an answer to this question indicated the absence of a decision-making center in the European Union.

If today someone asks the same question about Central Asia, he will not receive an answer either. There is no one to speak on behalf of the region today.

À un moment donné, Henry Kissinger a posé la question: «Qui dois-je appeler pour parler à l'Europe?» L'absence de réponse à cette question indique l'absence de centre de décision dans l'Union européenne.

Si aujourd'hui quelqu'un pose la même question sur l'Asie centrale, il ne recevra pas non plus de réponse. Il n'y a personne pour parler au nom de la région aujourd'hui.

L'escalade du conflit politique entre Washington et Pékin sur les activités des laboratoires biologiques militaires se poursuit. Les reproches mutuels dans la création d'une souche Covid-19 modifiée dans les médias ne s'arrêtent pas maintenant une minute, et un représentant du ministère des Affaires étrangères de la RPC a même fait dimanche dernier une nouvelle déclaration officielle en réponse à l'attaque de Donald Trump selon laquelle l'infection s'est propagée dans le monde entier en raison de «l'incompétence quelques imbéciles en Chine. » Le Kazakhstan dans cette situation se trouve au centre de cette confrontation en raison de la présence des laboratoires biologiques militaires du Pentagone.

The foreign policy of Kazakhstan has always been aimed at creating favorable external conditions for sustainable socio-economic development of the country. Its constant priorities were the development of economic cooperation with neighbors in the region, diversification of export routes, attracting foreign investment and opening new markets for Kazakhstani goods.

Afghanistan has long been a modern backbone for international politics. There is no other country around which (more precisely, around which problems) such a developed system of global, regional, two-, three — and quadripartite dialogues are built. Dozens of intelligent people around the world are working on ways to resolve the «Afghan issue», and dissertations are being defended. Monographs on Afghan topics can be filled in several rooms of the library. Before the era of self-isolation, the fast and frequently used international conferences about Afghanistan were one of the drivers of the hotel, restaurant, catering, air travel industries, and everything related to the event business.

L'Afghanistan est depuis plusieurs années l’épine dorsale de la politique internationale. Il n'existe aucun autre pays autour duquel est construit un système aussi développé de dialogues mondiaux, régionaux, à deux, trois et quatre parties. Des dizaines de personnes brillantes dans le monde entier travaillent sur les moyens de résoudre la «question afghane», et des thèses sont défendues. Des monographies entières sur des sujets traitant de l’Afghanistan remplissent les bibliothèques.

Afghanistan has long been a modern backbone for international politics. There is no other country around which (more precisely, around which problems) such a developed system of global, regional, two-, three — and quadripartite dialogues are built. Dozens of intelligent people around the world are working on ways to resolve the «Afghan issue», and dissertations are being defended. Monographs on Afghan topics can be filled in several rooms of the library. Before the era of self-isolation, the fast and frequently used international conferences about Afghanistan were one of the drivers of the hotel, restaurant, catering, air travel industries, and everything related to the event business. For some international organizations specializing in security, the «Afghan problem» served as the main justification for their activities. At the same time, which is very important, Afghanistan with its problems brought out international unity. At the UN, resolutions on Afghanistan are adopted with unanimity that is rare these days. The countries, whose views on the world are diametrically opposed, coincide in their approaches to solving the Afghan issue.

Winston Churchill a dit un jour : « Les Généraux se préparent toujours pour la dernière guerre ». Et Martin White son compatriote et politologue d’ajouter : « Et les organisations internationales ont toujours été créées pour tirer des leçons de la guerre précédente ». Il est probable que le système international commence à se préparer bientôt pour éviter une future pandémie comme celle du coronavirus. Et le vaccin pour le COVID-19 fera sans doute son apparition quand le virus aura muté pour ne devenir qu’une infection respiratoire saisonnière.

Winston Churchill once said: «Generals are always preparing for the last war.» His compatriot political scientist Martin White added: «And international organizations are always created to prevent the past war.» It is likely that the international system will soon begin to prepare for coronavirus pandemic prevention. And the vaccine for COVID-19 will appear when it mutates to the level of seasonal SARS.

Aujourd’hui, l’ancienne idéologie, vivement discutée par l’opinion publique il y a une quinzaine d’années, fait quasiment partie du passé. Il s’agit d’autoritarisme éclairé, qui a été mentionné pour la première fois, autant que je me souvienne, par l’homme et analyste politique français Alex Moskovich, le conseiller extérieur de Nursultan Nazarbaïev. A cette époque, la critique condamnait l’autoritarisme, mais la deuxième partie de l’équation, indispensable à sa compréhension, fut écartée du débat.   

Au cours des années d'indépendance, le Kazakhstan a initié et participé à la création d'un certain nombre d'organisations multinationales, mais aucune d'entre elles, sans doute, n'a donné lieu à des avis aussi contradictoires que l'Union Économique Eurasiatique (UEE). L'idée fut proposée à l'origine en mai 1994 par Noursoultan Nazarbaïev. Deux ans plus tard, un accord permettant de renforcer la coopération économique et humanitaire fut signé entre le Kazakhstan, la Biélorussie, le Kirghizistan et la Russie (le Tadjikistan rejoindra le groupe des quatre pays à ce moment-là).

Over the years of independence, Kazakhstan has initiated and participated in the creation of a number of international organizations, but none of them, perhaps, has caused such contradictory assessments as the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU). The idea was originally proposed by Nursultan Nazarbayev in May 1994. Two years later, an Agreement was signed between Kazakhstan, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and Russia on deepening integration in the economic and humanitarian fields (Tajikistan then later joined the alliance of the four). An Integration Committee was created, headed by the First Deputy Prime Minister of Kazakhstan Nigmatzhan Isingarin.

L'anniversaire de Noursoultan Nazarbaïev est l’occasion de se rappeler pourquoi il a dirigé avec succès le pays pendant trois décennies. Le Kazakhstan est l'un des rares États post-soviétiques à avoir échappé aux conflits interethniques, aux confrontations militaires, aux crises sociales, et Nazarbaïev est l'un des rares hommes politiques à ne pas avoir trouvé d’alternative crédible durant toute la durée de sa présidence. 

Aujourd'hui, s’il s’agit de faire le bilan de ce qui a été accompli, il est très facile de parler de ce qui aurait pu être mieux fait et comment. Les jeunes qui ont grandi au cours de ces dernières décennies adoptent souvent une position extrême lorsqu'ils évoquent les actions de Noursoultan Nazarbaïev.

The anniversary of Nursultan Nazarbayev is a good reason to remember why he successfully ruled the country for three decades. Kazakhstan is one of the few post-Soviet states that has escaped interethnic conflicts, military confrontations, social cataclysms, while Nazarbayev himself is one of the few politicians who, during the entire period of his presidency, did not have a worthy alternative.

Today, when there is time to assess the amount of work done, it is very easy to talk about how and what could have been done better. Young people, who have grown up in recent decades, often go to extremes when talking about the actions of Nursultan Nazarbayev.

What has the last year shown? To what extent the first president is involved in the active social and political life of Kazakhstan now?

There has been a certain evolution of relationships. Still, in Kazakhstan such a model — the presence of two presidents — was not applied, and some issues, even taking into account the experience and diplomacy of the two presidents, were worked out on the fly.

If at first the First President stepped aside, then, starting from the summer of last year, he became more active and indicated his presence, while demonstratively not pushing his powers.

En marge de la diplomatie conventionnelle, il existe toujours d’autres formes de relations par le biais desquelles la politique étrangère est mise en œuvre. Parmi elles, nous pouvons citer les opérations de type non militaire, comme celles de maintien de la paix, qui jouent un rôle essentiel. Certes, le Kazakhstan est relativement peu expérimenté en la matière, mais il peut être intéressant d’aborder ce qui a trait à celles-ci. 

In addition to the classical diplomacy, there are always additional forms within which foreign policy is implemented. Among them, the non-military-type operations stand out, and already among those, peacekeeping operations play a key role. Of course, Kazakhstan has very little experience with it so far, but I think it will be interesting to provide an informational overview of everything that is connected with them.

Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, having become the President of Kazakhstan after a landslide election victory a year ago, and recently returned from Moscow, where at the invitation of President Vladimir Putin he participated in a parade to mark the 75th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, gave an interview to the popular newspaper Ana Tili (Native language).

The interview reflected a wide range of issues of global and internal political nature, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the modern system of international relations and country governance, reforming the political, economic and social spheres, as well as the role of the state language, cultural code and philosophical views of the Kazakh people and their relationship with current trends in world development.

Nowadays, the old ideology, which was vigorously discussed by the public opinion of the country one and a half decades ago, has already been partially forgotten. It is about the enlightened authoritarianism, which was first mentioned by, if my memory serves right, French politician and political analyst Alex Moskovich, the external adviser of Nursultan Nazarbaev. At the time critics condemned authoritarianism, but the second part of the equation, without which it did not hold a meaning, was left outside of the discussion.  

The strategic Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) of China has a truly global significance and far-reaching geopolitical implications. «Belt» is the «Economic Silk Road» that links China with the Eurasian continent, Africa and the Middle East by the road, railway lines and fiber-optic communication lines by land, while «Road» is «21st Century Maritime Silk Road» that links China with distant markets and raw materials of the area between Arctic and Indian, Pacific and Atlantic oceans by water.