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Afghanistan has long been a modern backbone for international politics. There is no other country around which (more precisely, around which problems) such a developed system of global, regional, two-, three — and quadripartite dialogues are built. Dozens of intelligent people around the world are working on ways to resolve the «Afghan issue», and dissertations are being defended. Monographs on Afghan topics can be filled in several rooms of the library. Before the era of self-isolation, the fast and frequently used international conferences about Afghanistan were one of the drivers of the hotel, restaurant, catering, air travel industries, and everything related to the event business.

L'Afghanistan est depuis plusieurs années l’épine dorsale de la politique internationale. Il n'existe aucun autre pays autour duquel est construit un système aussi développé de dialogues mondiaux, régionaux, à deux, trois et quatre parties. Des dizaines de personnes brillantes dans le monde entier travaillent sur les moyens de résoudre la «question afghane», et des thèses sont défendues. Des monographies entières sur des sujets traitant de l’Afghanistan remplissent les bibliothèques.

Afghanistan has long been a modern backbone for international politics. There is no other country around which (more precisely, around which problems) such a developed system of global, regional, two-, three — and quadripartite dialogues are built. Dozens of intelligent people around the world are working on ways to resolve the «Afghan issue», and dissertations are being defended. Monographs on Afghan topics can be filled in several rooms of the library. Before the era of self-isolation, the fast and frequently used international conferences about Afghanistan were one of the drivers of the hotel, restaurant, catering, air travel industries, and everything related to the event business. For some international organizations specializing in security, the «Afghan problem» served as the main justification for their activities. At the same time, which is very important, Afghanistan with its problems brought out international unity. At the UN, resolutions on Afghanistan are adopted with unanimity that is rare these days. The countries, whose views on the world are diametrically opposed, coincide in their approaches to solving the Afghan issue.

L'anniversaire de Noursoultan Nazarbaïev est l’occasion de se rappeler pourquoi il a dirigé avec succès le pays pendant trois décennies. Le Kazakhstan est l'un des rares États post-soviétiques à avoir échappé aux conflits interethniques, aux confrontations militaires, aux crises sociales, et Nazarbaïev est l'un des rares hommes politiques à ne pas avoir trouvé d’alternative crédible durant toute la durée de sa présidence. 

Aujourd'hui, s’il s’agit de faire le bilan de ce qui a été accompli, il est très facile de parler de ce qui aurait pu être mieux fait et comment. Les jeunes qui ont grandi au cours de ces dernières décennies adoptent souvent une position extrême lorsqu'ils évoquent les actions de Noursoultan Nazarbaïev.

What has the last year shown? To what extent the first president is involved in the active social and political life of Kazakhstan now?

There has been a certain evolution of relationships. Still, in Kazakhstan such a model — the presence of two presidents — was not applied, and some issues, even taking into account the experience and diplomacy of the two presidents, were worked out on the fly.

If at first the First President stepped aside, then, starting from the summer of last year, he became more active and indicated his presence, while demonstratively not pushing his powers.

En marge de la diplomatie conventionnelle, il existe toujours d’autres formes de relations par le biais desquelles la politique étrangère est mise en œuvre. Parmi elles, nous pouvons citer les opérations de type non militaire, comme celles de maintien de la paix, qui jouent un rôle essentiel. Certes, le Kazakhstan est relativement peu expérimenté en la matière, mais il peut être intéressant d’aborder ce qui a trait à celles-ci. 

In addition to the classical diplomacy, there are always additional forms within which foreign policy is implemented. Among them, the non-military-type operations stand out, and already among those, peacekeeping operations play a key role. Of course, Kazakhstan has very little experience with it so far, but I think it will be interesting to provide an informational overview of everything that is connected with them.

Nowadays, the old ideology, which was vigorously discussed by the public opinion of the country one and a half decades ago, has already been partially forgotten. It is about the enlightened authoritarianism, which was first mentioned by, if my memory serves right, French politician and political analyst Alex Moskovich, the external adviser of Nursultan Nazarbaev. At the time critics condemned authoritarianism, but the second part of the equation, without which it did not hold a meaning, was left outside of the discussion.